Mubarak stepped down during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations. The state of emergency, which had not been lifted since the 1967 war, stifled political opposition, the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption became widespread. Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. He was known for his supportive stance on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, in addition to his role in the Gulf War. In 1989, he succeeded in reinstating Egypt's membership in the Arab League, which had been frozen since the Camp David Accords with Israel and returning the Arab League's headquarters back to Cairo. Under United States pressure, Mubarak held the country's first multi-party election in 2005, which he won. Less than two weeks after the assassination of President Sadat, Mubarak quickly assumed the presidency in the single-candidate 1981 referendum, and renewed his term through single-candidate referendums in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848. In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President Anwar Sadat and assumed the presidency after his assassination in 1981. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak ( Arabic: محمد حسني مبارك‎ – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.īefore he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force.

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